Ellen Marks, Carla Ortiz, Eirini Pantazi, Charlotte S. Bailey, Graham M. Lord, Thomas J. Waldschmidt, Randolph J. Noelle, Raul Elgueta
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the balance of inflammation and tolerance in T cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that RA facilitates IgA isotype switching in B cells in vivo. However, it is unclear whether RA has a direct effect on T-independent B cell responses in vivo. To address this question, we generated a mouse model where RA signaling is specifically silenced in the B cell lineage. This was achieved through the overexpression of a dominant negative receptor α for RA (dnRARα) in the B cell lineage. In this model, we found a dramatic reduction in marginal zone (MZ) B cells and accumulation of transitional 2 B cells in the spleen. We also observed a reduction in B1 B cells in the peritoneum with a defect in the T-independent B cell response against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl. This was not a result of inhibited development of B cells in the bone marrow, but likely the result of both defective expression of S1P1 in MZ B cells and a defect in the development of MZ and B1 B cells. This suggests that RARα expression in B cells is important for B cell frequency in the MZ and peritoneum, which is crucial for the generation of T-independent humoral responses.
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science
1
3%
Unspecified
1
3%
Other
2
6%
Unknown
9
28%
Attention Score in Context
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 3. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 31 December 2016.
All research outputs
#14,496,767
of 25,411,814 outputs
Outputs from Frontiers in immunology
#12,112
of 31,614 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#212,866
of 422,505 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Frontiers in immunology
#136
of 293 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,411,814 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 42nd percentile – i.e., 42% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 31,614 research outputs from this source. They typically receive more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 8.4. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 61% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 293 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 53% of its contemporaries.
