Title |
Bacterial Toxins as Pathogen Weapons Against Phagocytes
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Microbiology, February 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00042 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ana do Vale, Didier Cabanes, Sandra Sousa |
Abstract |
Bacterial toxins are virulence factors that manipulate host cell functions and take over the control of vital processes of living organisms to favor microbial infection. Some toxins directly target innate immune cells, thereby annihilating a major branch of the host immune response. In this review we will focus on bacterial toxins that act from the extracellular milieu and hinder the function of macrophages and neutrophils. In particular, we will concentrate on toxins from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that manipulate cell signaling or induce cell death by either imposing direct damage to the host cells cytoplasmic membrane or enzymatically modifying key eukaryotic targets. Outcomes regarding pathogen dissemination, host damage and disease progression will be discussed. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 4 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 3 | 75% |
Scientists | 1 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Japan | 1 | <1% |
New Zealand | 1 | <1% |
Portugal | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 209 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 40 | 19% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 34 | 16% |
Researcher | 26 | 12% |
Student > Master | 26 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 8 | 4% |
Other | 29 | 14% |
Unknown | 49 | 23% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 50 | 24% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 39 | 18% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 31 | 15% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 10 | 5% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 4 | 2% |
Other | 25 | 12% |
Unknown | 53 | 25% |