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X Demographics
Mendeley readers
Attention Score in Context
| Title |
The Ischemic Environment Drives Microglia and Macrophage Function
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Frontiers in Neurology, April 2015
|
| DOI | 10.3389/fneur.2015.00081 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Stefano Fumagalli, Carlo Perego, Francesca Pischiutta, Elisa R. Zanier, Maria-Grazia De Simoni |
| Abstract |
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 2 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 282 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 3 | 1% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| Sweden | 1 | <1% |
| Spain | 1 | <1% |
| Mexico | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 275 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 59 | 21% |
| Researcher | 49 | 17% |
| Student > Bachelor | 40 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 34 | 12% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 17 | 6% |
| Other | 39 | 14% |
| Unknown | 44 | 16% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Neuroscience | 57 | 20% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 55 | 20% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 46 | 16% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 27 | 10% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 13 | 5% |
| Other | 34 | 12% |
| Unknown | 50 | 18% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 24 April 2015.
All research outputs
#17,874,146
of 26,184,649 outputs
Outputs from Frontiers in Neurology
#8,014
of 14,883 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#172,885
of 281,563 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Frontiers in Neurology
#45
of 77 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 26,184,649 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 21st percentile – i.e., 21% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 14,883 research outputs from this source. They typically receive more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 7.6. This one is in the 43rd percentile – i.e., 43% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 281,563 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 30th percentile – i.e., 30% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 77 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 35th percentile – i.e., 35% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.