Title |
The Regulation of Axon Diameter: From Axonal Circumferential Contractility to Activity-Dependent Axon Swelling
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, September 2018
|
DOI | 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00319 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ana Rita Costa, Rita Pinto-Costa, Sara Castro Sousa, Mónica Mendes Sousa |
Abstract |
In the adult nervous system axon caliber varies widely amongst different tracts. When considering a given axon, its diameter can further fluctuate in space and time, according to processes including the distribution of organelles and activity-dependent mechanisms. In addition, evidence is emerging supporting that in axons circumferential tension/contractility is present. Axonal diameter is generically regarded as being regulated by neurofilaments. When neurofilaments are absent or low, microtubule-dependent mechanisms can also contribute to the regulation of axon caliber. Despite this knowledge, the fine-tune mechanisms controlling diameter and circumferential tension throughout the lifetime of an axon, remain largely elusive. Recent data supports the role of the actin-spectrin-based membrane periodic skeleton and of non-muscle myosin II in the control of axon diameter. However, the cytoskeletal arrangement that underlies circumferential axonal contraction and expansion is still to be discovered. Here, we discuss in a critical viewpoint the existing knowledge on the regulation of axon diameter, with a specific focus on the possible role played by the axonal actin cytoskeleton. |
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