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X Demographics
Mendeley readers
Attention Score in Context
| Title |
Macrophage Phenotype Modulation by CXCL4 in Atherosclerosis
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Frontiers in Physiology, January 2012
|
| DOI | 10.3389/fphys.2012.00001 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Christian A. Gleissner |
| Abstract |
During atherogenesis, blood monocytes transmigrate into the subendothelial space and differentiate toward macrophages and foam cells. The major driver of monocyte-macrophage differentiation is macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). M-CSF-induced macrophages are important promoters of atherogenesis as demonstrated in M-CSF and M-CSF receptor knock out mice. However, M-CSF is not the only relevant promoter of macrophage differentiation. The platelet chemokine CXCL4 also prevents monocyte apoptosis and promotes macrophage differentiation in vitro. It is secreted from activated platelets and has effects on various cell types relevant in atherogenesis. Knocking out the Pf4 gene coding for CXCL4 in Apoe(-/-) mice leads to reduced atherogenesis. Thus, it seems likely that CXC4-induced macrophages may have specific pro-atherogenic capacities. We have studied CXC4-induced differentiation of human macrophages using gene chips, systems biology, and functional in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Our data indicate that CXCL4-induced macrophages are distinct from both their M-CSF-induced counterparts and other known macrophage polarizations like M1 macrophages (induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma) or M2 macrophages (induced by interleukin-4). CXCL4-induced macrophages have distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics, e.g., the complete loss of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) scavenger receptor CD163 which is necessary for effective hemoglobin clearance after plaque hemorrhage. Lack of CD163 is accompanied by the inability to upregulate the atheroprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 in response to Hb-Hp complexes. This review covers the current knowledge about CXCL4-induced macrophages. Based on their unique properties, we have suggested to call these macrophages "M4." CXCL4 may represent an important orchestrator of macrophage heterogeneity within atherosclerotic lesions. Further dissecting its effects on macrophage differentiation may help to identify novel therapeutic targets in atherogenesis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 2 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 50% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 50% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 157 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 5 | 3% |
| Netherlands | 2 | 1% |
| Germany | 1 | <1% |
| Indonesia | 1 | <1% |
| Portugal | 1 | <1% |
| Canada | 1 | <1% |
| Japan | 1 | <1% |
| United States | 1 | <1% |
| Luxembourg | 1 | <1% |
| Other | 0 | 0% |
| Unknown | 143 | 91% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 36 | 23% |
| Student > Master | 24 | 15% |
| Researcher | 23 | 15% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 14 | 9% |
| Professor > Associate Professor | 13 | 8% |
| Other | 26 | 17% |
| Unknown | 21 | 13% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 47 | 30% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 35 | 22% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 20 | 13% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 11 | 7% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 4 | 3% |
| Other | 13 | 8% |
| Unknown | 27 | 17% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 31 January 2012.
All research outputs
#17,655,049
of 22,662,201 outputs
Outputs from Frontiers in Physiology
#7,063
of 13,461 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#191,271
of 244,049 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Frontiers in Physiology
#170
of 309 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 22,662,201 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 19th percentile – i.e., 19% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 13,461 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 7.5. This one is in the 40th percentile – i.e., 40% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 244,049 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 19th percentile – i.e., 19% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 309 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 39th percentile – i.e., 39% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.