Title |
An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Psychiatry, June 2017
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DOI | 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00110 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Jolanta B. Zawilska |
Abstract |
The abuse of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has been increasing dramatically worldwide since late 2000s. By the end of 2015, more than 560 NPS had been reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Although the most popular compounds are synthetic cannabinoids and psychostimulatory derivatives of cathinone (so-called β-keto-amphetamines), novel synthetic opioids have recently emerged on the recreational drug market. They include fentanyl (a potent narcotic analgesic) and its analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, acryloylfentanyl, carfentanil, α-methylfentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrylfentanyl, 4-methoxybutyrylfentanyl, 4-chloroisobutyrylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl, tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl, cyclopentylfentanyl, and ocfentanil) and compounds with different chemical structures, such as AH-7921, MT-45, and U-47700. This survey provides an overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, and desired and unwanted effects of the above-listed novel opioids. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 31% |
Poland | 1 | 8% |
Russia | 1 | 8% |
Canada | 1 | 8% |
Hungary | 1 | 8% |
Switzerland | 1 | 8% |
Spain | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 3 | 23% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 11 | 85% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 15% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 188 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 31 | 16% |
Student > Master | 26 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 23 | 12% |
Researcher | 19 | 10% |
Other | 12 | 6% |
Other | 33 | 17% |
Unknown | 45 | 24% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Chemistry | 32 | 17% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 28 | 15% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 24 | 13% |
Psychology | 12 | 6% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 9 | 5% |
Other | 29 | 15% |
Unknown | 55 | 29% |