Incorporation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Preformed Biofilms by Escherichia coli Isolated From Drinking Water of Swine Farms

Flor Y. Ramírez-Castillo, Abraham Loera-Muro, Nicy D. Vargas-Padilla, Adriana C. Moreno-Flores, Francisco J. Avelar-González, Josée Harel, Mario Jacques, Ricardo Oropeza, Carolina C. Barajas-García, Alma L. Guerrero-Barrera

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, represents one of the most important health problems in the swine industry worldwide and it is included in the porcine respiratory disease complex. One of the bacterial survival strategies is biofilm formation, which are bacterial communities embedded in an extracellular matrix that could be attached to a living or an inert surface. Until recently, A. pleuropneumoniae was considered to be an obligate pathogen. However, recent studies have shown that A. pleuropneumoniae is present in farm drinking water. In this study, the drinking water microbial communities of Aguascalientes (Mexico) swine farms were analyzed, where the most frequent isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli. Biofilm formation was tested in vitro; producing E. coli biofilms under optimal growth conditions; subsequently, A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (strains 4074 and 719) was incorporated to these biofilms. Interaction between both bacteria was evidenced, producing an increase in biofilm formation. Extracellular matrix composition of two-species biofilms was also characterized using fluorescent markers and enzyme treatments. In conclusion, results confirm that A. pleuropneumoniae is capable of integrates into biofilms formed by environmental bacteria, indicative of a possible survival strategy in the environment and a mechanism for disease dispersion.