Bladder and Bowel Management in Dogs With Spinal Cord Injury

Nicolas Granger, Natasha J. Olby, Yvette S. Nout-Lomas, The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium, Sarah A. Moore, Natasha J. Olby, Jonathan M. Levine, Melissa J. Lewis, Nick D. Jeffery, Ronaldo Casimiro da Costa, Yvette S. Nout-Lomas, Joe Fenn, Nicolas Granger, Ingo Spitzbarth, Veronika M. Stein, Andrea Tipold, Ji-Hey Lim, Holger Volk

Spinal cord injury in companion dogs can lead to urinary and fecal incontinence or retention, depending on the severity, and localization of the lesion along the canine nervous system. The bladder and gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by lesions of the autonomic system can be difficult to recognize, interpret and are easily overlooked. Nevertheless, it is crucial to maintain a high degree of awareness of the impact of micturition and defecation disturbances on the animal's condition, welfare and on the owner. The management of these disabilities is all the more challenging that the autonomic nervous system physiology is a complex topic. In this review, we propose to briefly remind the reader the physiology of micturition and defecation in dogs. We then present the bladder and gastrointestinal clinical signs associated with sacral lesions (i.e., the L7-S3 spinal cord segments and nerves) and supra-sacral lesions (i.e., cranial to the L7 spinal cord segment), largely in the context of intervertebral disc herniation. We summarize what is known about the natural recovery of urinary and fecal continence in dogs after spinal cord injury. In particular we review the incidence of urinary tract infection after injury. We finally explore the past and recent literature describing management of urinary and fecal dysfunction in the acute and chronic phase of spinal cord injury. This comprises medical therapies but importantly a number of surgical options, some known for decades such as sacral nerve stimulation, that might spark some interest in the field of spinal cord injury in companion dogs.