Title |
A calibrated chronology of biochemistry reveals a stem line of descent responsible for planetary biodiversity
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Genetics, September 2014
|
DOI | 10.3389/fgene.2014.00306 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Gustavo Caetano-Anollés, Jay E. Mittenthal, Derek Caetano-Anollés, Kyung Mo Kim |
Abstract |
Time-calibrated phylogenomic trees of protein domain structure produce powerful chronologies describing the evolution of biochemistry and life. These timetrees are built from a genomic census of millions of encoded proteins using models of nested accumulation of molecules in evolving proteomes. Here we show that a primordial stem line of descent, a propagating series of pluripotent cellular entities, populates the deeper branches of the timetrees. The stem line produced for the first time cellular grades ~2.9 billion years (Gy)-ago, which slowly turned into lineages of superkingdom Archaea. Prompted by the rise of planetary oxygen and aerobic metabolism, the stem line also produced bacterial and eukaryal lineages. Superkingdom-specific domain repertoires emerged ~2.1 Gy-ago delimiting fully diversified Bacteria. Repertoires specific to Eukarya and Archaea appeared 300 millions years later. Results reconcile reductive evolutionary processes leading to the early emergence of Archaea to superkingdom-specific innovations compatible with a tree of life rooted in Bacteria. |
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