Title |
Immunotherapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, October 2014
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00518 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bin Zhang, Yijun Yin, Ruenn Chai Lai, Sai Kiang Lim |
Abstract |
Extracellular vesicle or EV is a term that encompasses all classes of secreted lipid membrane vesicles. Despite being scientific novelties, EVs are gaining importance as a mediator of important physiological and pathological intercellular activities possibly through the transfer of their cargo of protein and RNA between cells. In particular, exosomes, the currently best characterized EVs have been notable for their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities. Exosomes are nanometer-sized endosome-derived vesicles secreted by many cell types and their immunomodulatory potential is independent of their cell source. Besides immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells, cancer and stem cells also secrete immunologically active exosomes that could influence both physiological and pathological processes. The immunological activities of exosomes affect both innate and adaptive immunity and include antigen presentation, T cell activation, T cell polarization to regulatory T cells, immune suppression, and anti-inflammation. As such, exosomes carry much immunotherapeutic potential as a therapeutic agent and a therapeutic target. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | 14% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 14% |
Unknown | 5 | 71% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 6 | 86% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 14% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Iran, Islamic Republic of | 2 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Belgium | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Russia | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 216 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 38 | 17% |
Student > Master | 38 | 17% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 37 | 17% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 22 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 16 | 7% |
Other | 37 | 17% |
Unknown | 35 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 54 | 24% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 53 | 24% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 36 | 16% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 14 | 6% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 7 | 3% |
Other | 17 | 8% |
Unknown | 42 | 19% |