Title |
Renal cell carcinoma: links and risks
|
---|---|
Published in |
International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, March 2016
|
DOI | 10.2147/ijnrd.s75916 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Reena Kabaria, Zachary Klaassen, Martha K Terris |
Abstract |
This review provides an overview of the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a summary of the most commonly associated risk factors. A literature review was performed with a focus on recent studies with a high level of evidence (large prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses). The incidence rate of RCC varies globally, with the rate rising rapidly in more developed regions, demonstrating the effects of increased use of diagnostic imaging and prevalence of modifiable risk factors. Based on the current evidence, cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension are the most well-established risk factors for sporadic RCC worldwide. Acquired cystic kidney disease is also a significant risk factor, specifically in dialysis patients. There is increasing evidence for an inverse association between RCC risk and moderate alcohol consumption. Certain analgesics and occupational exposure have been linked to an increased risk of RCC, although data are limited. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables may provide a protective effect. |
X Demographics
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 2 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 2 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
India | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 162 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 26 | 16% |
Researcher | 19 | 12% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 19 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 11% |
Other | 11 | 7% |
Other | 19 | 12% |
Unknown | 51 | 31% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 44 | 27% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 20 | 12% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 8 | 5% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 6 | 4% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 5 | 3% |
Other | 19 | 12% |
Unknown | 61 | 37% |