Title |
Cytokine-Induced Modulation of Colorectal Cancer
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in oncology, April 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fonc.2016.00096 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Lukas F. Mager, Marie-Hélène Wasmer, Tilman T. Rau, Philippe Krebs |
Abstract |
The emergence of novel immunomodulatory cancer therapies over the last decade, above all immune checkpoint blockade, has significantly advanced tumor treatment. For colorectal cancer (CRC), a novel scoring system based on the immune cell infiltration in tumors has greatly improved disease prognostic evaluation and guidance to more specific therapy. These findings underline the relevance of tumor immunology in the future handling and therapeutic approach of malignant disease. Inflammation can either promote or suppress CRC pathogenesis and inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines, critically determine the pro- or anti-tumorigenic signals within the tumor environment. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cytokines known to be critically involved in CRC development and illustrate their mechanisms of action. We also highlight similarities and differences between CRC patients and murine models of CRC and point out cytokines with an ambivalent role for intestinal cancer. We also identify some of the future challenges in the field that should be addressed for the development of more effective immunomodulatory therapies. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 262 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 48 | 18% |
Student > Master | 37 | 14% |
Researcher | 34 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 26 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 20 | 8% |
Other | 42 | 16% |
Unknown | 55 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 71 | 27% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 39 | 15% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 29 | 11% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 28 | 11% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 7 | 3% |
Other | 21 | 8% |
Unknown | 67 | 26% |