Title |
Efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria: what they do, how they do it, with what and how to deal with them
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Pharmacology, January 2014
|
DOI | 10.3389/fphar.2013.00168 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Leonard Amaral, Ana Martins, Gabriella Spengler, Joseph Molnar |
Abstract |
This review discusses the relationship of the efflux pump (EP) system of Gram-negative bacteria to other antibiotic resistance mechanisms of the bacterium such as quorum sensing, biofilms, two component regulons, etc. The genetic responses of a Gram-negative to an antibiotic that render it immune to an antibiotic are also discussed. Lastly, the methods that have been developed for the identification of bacteria that over-express their EP system are presented in detail. Phenothiazines are well-known antipsychotic drugs with reported activity against bacterial EPs and other ancillary antibiotic mechanisms of the organism. Therefore these compounds will also be discussed. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Switzerland | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Portugal | 1 | <1% |
Indonesia | 1 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Taiwan | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 406 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 92 | 22% |
Student > Master | 58 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 53 | 13% |
Researcher | 39 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 14 | 3% |
Other | 43 | 10% |
Unknown | 113 | 27% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 86 | 21% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 58 | 14% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 34 | 8% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 32 | 8% |
Chemistry | 29 | 7% |
Other | 48 | 12% |
Unknown | 125 | 30% |